APPENDIX A
New admonitions taken from radio stations plan “Co w mowie piszczy” [‘What is going on during the speech’] produced up against the the latest alternatives out-of sibilants, transmit with the 7th out of me step 3.
APPENDIX B: Point
Rzadko kiedy dziadek sadza ja sama na kasie. Madzia caly czas musi patrzec czy kasa jest bezpieczna. Nasza gaza nie zawsze pokrywa koszty. Madzia we Kasia maja zakaz ubierania sie w pasiaste ubrania. Cale cialo ma byc zakryte. Czasem chodza would Kazia, zeby sie poskarzyc. Rady Kazia sa malo uzyteczne. Czesto i’m mowi „Ziarnko would ziarnka an excellent uzbiera sie miarka”. Czasami zartuje, ze moj szalony braciak maczal w tym palce. W takich sytuacjach siadam w kuchni i pieke ciasto marchewkowe. Ta mazia, ktora czesto mi wychodzi nie smakuje nawet dziadkowi. Good jednak nie jest mi go zal, bo nikt nie jest tak nadziany jak to your.
Regardless of if she works hard, Kasia is certainly going as a consequence of tough times at the office. Hardly ever do grandpa make the lady stand alone at the evaluate-away prevent. Madzia should make sure that the newest examine-out prevent is secure. Our very own pay does not always safeguards the expense. Madzia and you can Kasia features a ban with the sporting striped gowns. The whole human body need to be safeguarded. Sometimes, they go to help you Kazio so you’re able to whine. Kazio’s pointers is not too helpful. He often tells them “Anything saved is a cent gathered”. Sometimes I say jokingly you to my personal in love sis features starred a beneficial part involved. Into instance era, We sit-in your kitchen and you may cook a great carrot cake. The new substance that frequently performance isn’t delicious for even grandpa excellent site to observe. But I do not have a pity party getting your once the nobody is because rich as he is.
APPENDIX C: Mathematical Performance
Indicate thinking (kept column) and you will simple deviations (correct line) from formant wavelengths F1, F2, F3 of before (V1) and after the vowel (V2) also formant ranges off V1 and you may V2.
Outcome of mixed patterns outcomes Note that the formula about lmertest plan we useful for powering blended habits indicated that also t-values higher than dos just weren’t extreme. About dining tables displayed throughout the Appendix we set people p-viewpoints for the parentheses (three for example instances in total).
» tabindex= »0″> The bottom line is, there is certainly evidence your alveolo-palatal sibilants let you know signs and symptoms of a general change in the latest enunciation regarding certain young women.
Towards the purposes of the current investigation, half a dozen cities on the spectrogram of laws had been determined by setting the newest cursor in the following the activities:
» tabindex= »0″> The frequency F? is the overall mean of all highest spectral peaks at the given acoustic landmark (mid of frication audio), round into nearest kHz. Inside the Goodness and you may Shadle (2002) and you will Lousada mais aussi al. (2012), it was shown that this computation of F? and its rounding adapts well to finding the endpoint between the two parts of the spectra (low frequency part from 500 Hz to F? (m1) and high frequency part from F? to the highest frequency (m2)) (see Jesunited states and you may Shadle 2002: 447 for further advice). During the God and you can Shadle (2002), a property value 4,100000 Hz are discover having post-alveolar fricatives out-of Western european Portuguese, and in Lousada mais aussi al. (2012: 10), a value of 3,900 Hz is discovered for the bust off dental care comes to an end. But not, so you’re able to implement so it size to the current analysis, we’d to help you adapt they to the Shine study, just in case (which means simplifying) the place of articulation is far more or less consistent to have associated phonemes. Inside our instance, we found a F? value of 5,000 Hz for all alveolo-palatals. Thus, m1 is the slope of the spectral regression line for the frequency range between 500 Hz and the corresponding F? value 5,000 Hz, and m2 is the slope of the spectral regression line for the range between the F? value of 5,000 Hz and 11,000 Hz.
The outcomes exhibited in area step three derive from 699 tokens (394 which has had /?/ and you may 305 that has had ; 325 tokens was indeed built in the newest provider sentence and you can 374 during the what). The newest multidimensional investigation displayed inside part 4.step 1 lies in 1942 tokens.
On the highest regularity range (5,100 Hz so you’re able to 11,000 Hz) there’s a mathematically significant difference between them variants, specifically, the fresh new mountains of your regression outlines of one’s the fresh new variants try steeper.
Basically, the results indicate significant spectral differences when considering Practical Shine sibilants and their the versions. The research means that the brand new variables utilized in the new LDA are able to discriminate as much as 83.3% of your own data regarding fricatives and 91.dos % of your studies when it comes to the fresh new affricates.
cuatro.dos. Sociolinguistic theory
Into the share, this type of and many other training recommend that age, intercourse, public classification and many more personal classes and presenter services was very important determinants out of phonetic variation. As well, it’s apparent one to phonetic adaptation isn’t reducible so you can anatomic differences. It would be argued one to both ages and gender enjoy an excellent role in the personal shipments of your this new variants regarding alveolo-palatals.
» tabindex= »0″> An identical linguistic attribute might have been recognized regarding the Songyaun dialect regarding Chinese, where young women is actually said to restore /?/ which have /s?/ from the practical lexical compare /s ? ?/ under the influence of the fresh new Beijinghua “women highlight” (Li 2005;Beckman 2012). This situation closely the thing is that new chatted about improvements when you look at the Gloss. not, this is not needed seriously to assume that the young ladies who embrace such phonetic alternatives “must” sound childish otherwise younger. In another scenario, the possibility are passionate because of the peer tension that is maybe not teleological. The young ladies merely replicate their colleagues and wish to sound childish doesn’t constitute the top motivation with the changes. It is possible that the stereotypes and you will stigmatisations was later pushed on the brand new variants from sibilants by earlier audio system. Non-teleological factors similar to this was indeed suggested into have fun with away from creaky voice by the American females (Yuasa 2010).
5. Conclusion and you will achievement
Beckman, Meters. 2012. “Straightening the newest timelines of phonological acquisition and alter”. Papers offered in the 2nd Workshop for the Sound Changes. Munich. Lookup inside the Yahoo College student
McMurray, B. and you can An excellent. Jongman. 2011. “Just what data is very important to message categorization? Using variability throughout the speech laws by the integrating cues computed relative to help you assumption”. Psychological Feedback 118. 219–246. /a0022325 Research inside the Google Pupil
Zygis, M., D. Pape and you will L. God. 2012. “(Non)retroflex Slavic affricates as well as their determination. Facts of Czech and Shine”. Record of your own In the world Phonetic Association 42(3). 281–329. /S0025100312000205 Browse inside Yahoo Pupil
French 
English